颈 癌症

迹象 & 症状

Pre-cancerous changes of the cervix usually don't cause pain. 事实上, they generally don't cause 症状 and aren't detected unless a woman has a pelvic exam and a 子宫颈抹片检查.

Symptoms usually don't appear until abnormal cervical cells become cancerous and invade nearby tissue. 当这种情况发生时, 最常见的症状是异常出血, which may start and stop between regular menstrual periods or may occur after sexual intercourse, 冲洗或盆腔检查. Menstrual bleeding may last longer and be heavier than usual.

出血后 更年期 也可能是子宫颈癌的症状. Increased vaginal discharge is another symptom of cervical cancer.

诊断

A pelvic exam and two screening tests – the 巴氏早期癌变探查试验 and the human papillomavirus (HPV) test – are used to detect cervical cancer. Your health care provider uses an instrument called a speculum to examine you and take samples for the screening tests.

• 骨盆检查. 十大赌博平台排行榜会检查你的阴道, 子宫, bladder and rectum for any lumps or changes in their shape or size.
• 巴氏早期癌变探查试验. Your provider collects cells from your cervix and the surrounding area. These are sent to a medical lab to be screened for abnormal cells. 了解更多, including how and why the 巴氏早期癌变探查试验 is done, how to prepare, and what it feels like.
• 人乳头状瘤病毒测试. Your provider collects cells from your cervix and the surrounding area and sends them to a medical lab for testing. The lab looks for the various types of HPV that cause cancer. 了解更多, including how and why the 人乳头状瘤病毒测试 is done, how to prepare, and what it feels like.

我们对异常筛选试验结果的处理方法

加州大学旧金山分校, we offer the full range of screening and treatment options for cervical dysplasia, 包括阴道镜, 环切除(LEEP), 激光烧蚀, cryotherapy and watchful waiting in certain situations. We believe that empowering patients with knowledge is an important part of the healing process, and we encourage all our patients to participate in choosing the option that best aligns with their preferences and values.

 

治疗

治疗子宫颈癌的方法有很多.

环电切术(LEEP)

This simple procedure can be performed in the doctor's office under local anesthetic. An electrically charged wire loop is used to remove the outer portion of the cervix containing the abnormal tissue, which then can be examined under a microscope to confirm that no cancer remains. 在绝大多数情况下, women are cured after one LEEP procedure and are able to return to full activity shortly thereafter.

冷冻手术

This is a procedure that freezes and kills the abnormal cells on the cervix. 在这个过程中, which is performed in the doctor's office and usually does not require an anesthetic, a silver probe that has been cooled with liquid nitrogen is placed against the cervix. This freezing kills the outer layer of cells that are abnormal on the cervix.

冷冻手术切除子宫

The removal of the 子宫 through the abdomen or vagina is a major surgical procedure requiring at least an overnight stay in the hospital. There are very few reasons to perform a hysterectomy for pre-invasive lesions. It is sometimes used for women who have had more than one relapse and no longer have enough tissue to perform another LEEP.

侵袭性癌症的治疗

The treatment of invasive cancer depends upon the extent of tumor growth. In cases where the tumor is small and confined to the cervix, a woman may be treated with either a radical hysterectomy or with radiation therapy. When tumors are large or extend to adjacent tissues or lymph nodes more intensive therapy is required, 比如放射治疗, 有时还会加上化疗药物.

激进的子宫切除术

这是切除子宫的手术, 阴道阴道的上部, and the ligaments and connective tissues that hold the 子宫 in place. 在根治性子宫切除术期间, it also is common to remove the lymph nodes in the pelvic area, for microscopic cancer cells can spread to those lymph nodes and into the ligaments that hold the 子宫 in place.

It is not necessary to remove the ovaries in a radical hysterectomy and the preservation of ovarian function is one of the benefits of this approach. 这对年轻女性来说很重要. 在根治性子宫切除术后, a woman will no longer have menstrual periods and will not be able to bear children. However, she will continue to have the female hormone estrogen in her body. 当病人被正确地选择进行这个手术, the cure rate of cervical cancer is between 85 percent and 95 percent.

放射治疗

This treatment uses high-energy rays to damage cancer cells and stop them from growing. It is a localized treatment, which means that it works to attack cancer cells in one area. 辐射可能来自一台大型机器, 称为外辐射, or from radioactive materials placed directly into the cervix, 称为种植体辐射. 有些病人同时接受两种类型的放射治疗.

化疗

The use of drugs to kill cancer cells is most often used when cervical cancer has spread to other parts of the body. A patient may receive just one drug or a combination of drugs in cycles. 化疗 may be given by injection into a vein or by mouth. It is a systematic treatment, meaning that the drugs flow through the body in the bloodstream.

生物治疗

This treatment uses substances to strengthen a woman's immune system to better fight her cancer. It may be used to treat cancer that has spread from the cervix to other parts of the body. Interferon is the most common form of biological therapy for cervical cancer and may be used in combination with chemotherapy. Most patients who receive interferon do so on an outpatient basis.